stacktrace: Enable method signature printing for inlined frames (#53925)

This is an attempt to revive #41099 using the newly added invert
linetable format (#52415).
It's a work in progress, but I've opened this PR to spark a discussion
on whether I'm moving in the right direction with this approach.
Currently, I've tweaked `jl_lookup_code_address` to give back a
`CodeInstance` containing `debuginfo` rather than the `MethodInstance`
for the outermost frame. This info is then used to find the
`MethodInstance` for inlined inner frames from the Julia side.

```julia
julia> function f1(a)
           x = a
           return begin
               @inline f2(x)
           end
       end;

julia> function f2(a)
           x = a
           return @inline sin(x)
       end;

julia> f1(Inf)
ERROR: DomainError with Inf:
sin(x) is only defined for finite x.
Stacktrace:
```
```diff
diff --git a/old b/new
index f913ab20c3..215037aa56 100644
--- a/old
+++ b/new
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
  [1] sin_domain_error(x::Float64)
    @ Base.Math ./special/trig.jl:28
- [2] sin
-   @ ./special/trig.jl:39 [inlined]
- [3] f2
-   @ ./REPL[2]:3 [inlined]
+ [2] sin(x::Float64)
+   @ Base.Math ./special/trig.jl:39 [inlined]
+ [3] f2(a::Float64)
+   @ Main ./REPL[2]:3 [inlined]
  [4] f1(a::Float64)
    @ Main ./REPL[1]:4
  [5] top-level scope
    @ REPL[3]:1
```

---------

Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>