codegen: Propagate `ipo_purity_bits` to LLVM function attributes (#61394)

Translate Julia's inferred effects (consistent, effect_free, nothrow,
terminates, notaskstate) into LLVM function attributes so that
middle-end passes like GVN, LICM, and DSE can exploit them.

The key design insight is that GC interactions don't need to be visible
before GC lowering. Call-site declarations get optimistic memory
attributes (e.g. memory(argmem: read)) that enable pre-GC optimizations,
then LateLowerGCFrame widens them to memory(readwrite) before safepoint
analysis so post-GC passes see correct semantics.

Attributes added:
- nounwind: for nothrow functions (with uwtable(async) on definitions
  to preserve .eh_frame for stack scanning)
- mustprogress: for terminating functions
- willreturn: for nothrow+terminating functions
- memory(argmem: read): for consistent+effect_free functions with no
  user-facing pointer arguments (call-site declarations only)
- readnone on gcstack param: for notaskstate functions, so LICM can
  hoist pure calls past heap stores
- "julia.safepoint" marker: on all call-site declarations, used by
  LateLowerGCFrame to identify and widen optimistic attrs

LateLowerGCFrame strips all optimistic attributes (memory effects,
readnone on gcstack) from both call instructions and function
declarations before safepoint analysis runs.

Previously explored in #47844

Developed with Claude

---------

Co-authored-by: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>
Co-authored-by: Gabriel Baraldi <28694980+gbaraldi@users.noreply.github.com>