fix(compile): transpile TypeScript imported at runtime (#34616)

A compiled binary could not dynamically import TypeScript that the
program builds or discovers while running. The embedded module loader
decoded data: and blob: URLs, and local files read from disk, straight
to V8 as JavaScript, so any TypeScript syntax threw
"SyntaxError: Unexpected token ':'". This blocked plugin-style use cases
where a program imports TypeScript it assembles at runtime.

The TypeScript transpiler (deno_ast) is already linked into every
compiled binary through ext/node, so this transpiles those modules on
the fly: data:/blob: URLs and local files that were not embedded at
compile time. Modules embedded at compile time are unaffected, since
they are still served pre-transpiled from the virtual file system. Note
that compiled binaries remap embedded paths into a virtual root, so a
runtime file: import must use a real on-disk absolute path (for example
one derived from Deno.cwd()), not a specifier relative to
import.meta.url.

Closes #27945