Instrument pending timers in tests (#37646)

Flutter widget tests assert if a test completes with timers still
pending.  However, it can be hard to diagnose where a pending timer
came from.  For example, a widget might consume a third-party library
that internally uses a timer.

I added a FakeAsync.pendingTimersDebugInfo getter to quiver
(https://github.com/google/quiver-dart/pull/500).  Make flutter_test
use it.

Additionally modify Flutter's debugPrintStack to take an optional
StackTrace argument instead of always printing StackTrace.current.

Fixes #4237.