[compiler] Phase 1: Add error accumulation infrastructure to Environment (#35873)

Add error accumulation methods to the Environment class:
- #errors field to accumulate CompilerErrors across passes
- recordError() to record a single diagnostic (throws if Invariant)
- recordErrors() to record all diagnostics from a CompilerError
- hasErrors() to check if any errors have been recorded
- aggregateErrors() to retrieve the accumulated CompilerError
- tryRecord() to wrap callbacks and catch CompilerErrors

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[//]: # (BEGIN SAPLING FOOTER)
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* #35888
* #35884
* #35883
* #35882
* #35881
* #35880
* #35879
* #35878
* #35877
* #35876
* #35875
* #35874
* __->__ #35873