[Tests] add `try`/`try_err` helpers; convert tests to use them

Add `try` and `try_err` helper functions to `test/common.sh` that capture stdout/stderr and exit code from a single invocation, eliminating duplicate command executions in tests.
Convert all existing tests that used the `OUTPUT`/`EXIT_CODE` double-invocation pattern to use the new helpers.
Also fixes a pre-existing bug in the `nvm_die_on_prefix` test where ASCII apostrophes were used instead of U+2019 to match nvm.sh output.